INDIAN WARS in NORTH AMERICA

The Esopus Indians were established in the area now called Kingston.  They were a peaceful tribe totally unprepared for the Whiteman. 

History          INDIAN WARS in NORTH AMERICA

4/11/2014 ver. 0
	Conflicts with the native Americans, (sometimes provoked and aided by the English, French, Dutch and others) were on-goings as the colonies established themselves on lands which rightfully belonged to the indians.
	This narrative is far from complete or comprehensive but it indicates the uncertainty of Indian actions upon the early colonists.  News was mostly by word of mouth, facts were seldom accurate.  Panic, mis-trust, and fear must have overwhelmed the daily interactions between the settlers and Indians, on both sides.  Conflicts continued beyond this record.
1540-1541	Fought in the winter of 1540-41 by the army of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado against the 12 pueblos of Tiwa Indians along both sides of the Rio Grande River in New Mexico. It was the first war between Europeans and Native Americans in the American West.	Tiguex War	NM
March 22, 1622	Powhatan Indians kill 347 English settlers throughout the Virginia colony during the first Powhatan War.	Jamestown Massacre	VA
1622-1644	Following an initial period of peaceful relations in Virginia, a twelve year conflict left many natives and colonists dead.	Powhatan Wars	VA
1636-1637	Taking place in Connecticut and Rhode Island, the death of a colonist eventually led to the destruction of 600-700 natives. The remainders were sold into slavery in Bermuda.	Pequot War	CT
May 26, 1637	During the Pequot War, English colonists, with Mohegan and Narragansett allies, attack a large Pequot village on the Mystic River in what is now Connecticut, killing around 500 villagers.	Mystic Massacre	CT
1643-1645	Kieft's War, also known as the Wappinger War, was a conflict (1643–1645) between settlers of the nascent colony of New Netherland and the native Lenape population in what would later become the New York metropolitan area of the United States. It is named for Director of New Netherland Willem Kieft, who had ordered an attack without approval of his advisory council and against the wishes of the colonists.[1] Dutch soldiers attacked Lenape camps and massacred the native inhabitants, which encouraged unification among the regional Algonquian tribes against the Dutch, and precipitated waves of attacks on both sides. This was one of the earliest conflicts between Native Americans and European settlers. Displeased with Kieft, the Dutch West India Company recalled him and he died while returning to the Netherlands. Peter Stuyvesant succeeded him in New Netherland. Because of the continuing threat by the Algonquians, numerous Dutch settlers returned to the Netherlands, and growth of the colony slowed	Kieft's War	NY
1659 - 1663	The Esopus Wars were two localized conflicts between the indigenous Esopus tribe of Lenape Indians and colonialist New Netherlanders during the latter half of the 17th century in what is now Ulster County, New York. Like many other wars during the colonial period, at bottom they were the result of competition between European and Indian cultures, aggravated by mutual misunderstanding and suspicion. The first battle was started by Dutch settlers; the second war was a continuation of grudge on the part of the Esopus tribe.[1]	Esopus Wars	NY
1659 - 1660	The first Esopus War was a short-lived conflict between Dutch farmers and the Esopus, largely started by fear and misunderstanding on the part of the settlers. On September 20, 1659, several Esopus men were hired to do some farm work for the settlers. After they had finished and had received their pay in brandy, a drunken native fired a musket in celebration. Although no one was hurt, some the Dutch townsfolk suspected foul play. Although a group of soldiers investigated and found no bad intentions, a mob of farmers and soldiers attacked the offending natives. Most escaped. The next day they returned with hundreds of reinforcements, and Esopus forces destroyed crops, killed livestock, and burned Dutch buildings.	First Esopus War	NY
1659 - 1660	Completely outnumbered and outgunned, the Dutch had little hope of winning through force. But they managed to hold out and make some small attacks, including burning the natives' fields to starve them out. They received decisive reinforcements from New Amsterdam. The war concluded July 15, 1660, when the natives agreed to trade land for peace and food. The peace, however, was tentative at best. Tensions remained between the Esopus and the settlers, eventually leading to the second war.[4]	First Esopus War	NY
1663-1663	In the hope of making a treaty with the Esopus, Dutch emissaries contacted the tribe on June 5, 1663, and requested a meeting. The natives replied that it was their custom to conduct peace talks unarmed and in the open, so the gates of Wiltwijck were kept open. The natives arrived on June 7 in great numbers, many claiming to be selling produce, thereby infiltrating deep into the town as scouts. By the time word arrived that Esopus warriors had completely destroyed the neighboring village of Nieu Dorp (modern day Hurley),[5] the scouts were in place around the town and began their own attack. Well-armed and spread out, they took the Dutch by surprise and soon controlled much of the town, setting fire to houses and kidnapping women before they were driven out by a mob of settlers.[4] The attackers escaped, and the Dutch repaired their fortifications. On June 16, Dutch soldiers transporting ammunition to the town were attacked on their way from Rondout Creek. The Esopus were again repelled.[6]	Second Esopus War	NY
1663-1663	Throughout July, Dutch forces reconnoitered the Esopus Kill. Unable to distinguish one tribe from another, they captured some traders from the Wappinger tribe, one of whom agreed to help the Dutch. He gave them information about various native forces and served as a guide in the field. In spite of his help, the Dutch were unable to make solid contact with the Esopus, who used guerilla tactics and could disappear easily into the woods. After several unproductive skirmishes, the Dutch managed to gain the help of the Mohawk, who served as guides, interpreters, and soldiers. By the end of July, the Dutch had received sufficient reinforcements to march for the Esopus stronghold in the mountains to the north. However, their ponderous equipment made progress slow, and the terrain was difficult. Realizing their disadvantage, rather than attacking the Esopus force, they burned the surrounding fields in the hope of starving them out.	Second Esopus War	NY
1663-1663	For the next month, scouting parties went out to set fire to the Esopus fields, but found little other combat. In early September, another Dutch force tried to engage the Esopus on their territory, this time successfully. The battle ended with the death of the Esopus chief, Papequanaehen, as well as several other men, women, and children. The natives fled, and the Dutch, led by Captain Martin Cregier,[7] pillaged their fort before retreating, taking supplies and prisoners. This effectively ended the war, although the peace was uneasy.[6]	Second Esopus War	NY
1675-1676	Native Americans as a result of tensions over colonist's expansionist activities. The bloody war rages up and down the Connecticut River valley in Massachusetts and in the Plymouth and Rhode Island colonies, eventually resulting in 600 English colonials being killed and 3,000 Native Americans, including women and children on both sides. King Philip (the colonist's nickname for Metacomet, chief of the Wampanoag) is hunted down and killed on August 12, 1676, in a swamp in Rhode Island, ending the war in southern New England. In New Hampshire and Maine, the Saco Indians continue to raid settlements for another year and a half.	King Philip's War	N E
1680-92	In Arizona and New Mexico, Pueblo Indians led by Popé, rebelled against the Spanish and lived independently for 12 years. The Spanish re-conquered in them in 1692.	Pueblo Revolt	AZ NM
1689–1697	The first of the French and Indian Wars, King William's War was fought between England, France, and their respective American Indian allies in the colonies of Canada (New France), Acadia, and New England. It was also known as the Second Indian War.	King William's War	N E
1689-1763	A conflict between France and Britain for possession of North America. For various motivations, most Algonquian tribes allied with the French; the Iroquois with the British.	French and Indian War	N E
February 8, 1690	French and Algonquins destroy Schenectady, New York, killing 60 settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children.	Schenectady Massacre	NY
February 29, 1704	A force comprised of Abenaki, Kanienkehaka, Wyandot and Pocumtuck Indians, led by a small contingent of French-Canadian militia, sack the town of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 56 civilians and taking dozens more as captives.	Deerfield Massacre	MA
1711	Taking place in Northern Carolina, the Tuscarora, under Chief Hancock, attacked several settlements, killing settlers and destroying farms. In 1713, James Moore and Yamasee warriors defeated the raiders	Tuscarora War	NC
1715-1718	In southern Carolina, an Indian confederation led by the Yamasee came close to exterminating a white settlement in their region.	Yamasee War	SC
August, 1757	Following the fall of Fort William Henry, between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners are killed by Indian allies of the French.	Fort William Henry Massacre	NY
1760-62	A breakdown in relations between the British and the Cherokee leads to a general uprising in present-day Tennessee, Virginia and the Carolinas.	Cherokee Uprising	TN VA NC SC
1763	In the Ohio River Valley, War Chief Pontiac and a large alliance drove out the British at every post except Detroit. After besieging the fort for five months, they withdrew to find food for the winter.	Pontiac's Rebellion	OH
Sept. 14,  1763	Seneca double ambush of a British supply train and soldiers.	Devil's Hole Massacre	NY
July 26, 1764	Four Delaware Indians killed a schoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Amazingly two pupils who were scalped survived.	Enoch Brown School Massacre
1774	Shawnee and Mingo Indians raided a wave of traders and settlers in the southern Ohio River Valley. Governor Dunmore of Virginia, sent in 3,000 soldiers and defeated 1,000 natives.	Lord Dunmore's War	VA
1776-1794	A series of conflicts that were a continuation of the Cherokee struggle against white encroachment. Led by Dragging Canoe, who was called the Chickamauga by colonials, the Cherokee fought white settlers in Tennessee, Kentucky	Chickamauga Wars	TN KY
July 3, 1778	Following a battle with rebel defenders of Forty Fort, Iroquois allies of the Loyalist forces hunt and kill those who flee, then torture to death those who surrendered.	Wyoming Valley Massacre
August 31, 1778	A battle of the American Revolution War that rebel propaganda portrayed as a massacre.	Stockbridge Massacre	MA
Nov. 11, 1778	An attack by British and Seneca Indian forces on a fort and village in eastern New York during the American Revolution War. The town was destroyed and 16 defenders were killed.	Cherry Valley Massacre	NY
March 8, 1782	Nearly 100 non-combatant Christian Delaware (Lenape) Indians, mostly women and children, were killed with hammer blows to the head by	Gnadenhutten Massacre
1785-1795	Fighting occurred in Ohio and Indiana. Following two humiliating defeats at the hands of native warriors, the Americans won a decisive victory under "Mad Anthony" Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.	Old Northwest War	OH IN
1794	Cherokee Chief, Dragging Canoe, and his followers, who opposed the peace, separated from the tribe and relocated to East Tennessee Shawnee and Creek. Engaged in numerous raids on the white settlers for several years, they used Nickajack Cave as their stronghold. In 1894, the military attacked, leaving some 70 Indians dead.	Nickajack Expedition	TN
Nov. 6, 1811	The Prophet, brother of Shawnee Chief Tecumseh, attacked Governor William Henry Harrison's force at dawn near the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers in Indiana Territory. After hand-to-hand combat, the natives fled.	Battle of Tippecanoe
August 15, 1812	American settlers and soldiers are killed in ambush near Fort Dearborn, at the present-day site of Chicago, Illinois.	Fort Dearborn Massacre	IL
January 22, 1813	Also known as the River Raisin Massacre, it was a severe defeat for the Americans during the War of 1812, when they attempted to retake Detroit.	Battle of Frenchtown	MI
August 18, 1813	Three settlers killed in Miami County, Ohio.	Dilbone Massacre	OH
August 30, 1813	Following defeat at the Battle of Burnt Corn, a band of Red Sticks sack Fort Mims, Alabama, killing 400 civilians and taking 250 scalps. This action precipitates the Creek War.	Fort Mims Massacre	AL